WebJun 4, 2024 · Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) are toxins produced by marine microalgae called Vulcanodinium rugosum that can accumulate in shellfish. These marine biotoxins were … WebApr 23, 2024 · Pinnatoxins E, F and G were subsequently detected for South Australian (AUS) isolates, and a pinnatoxin G producer was recently identified from Okinawa, Japan. The NZ, AUS and Japanese isolates appear morphologically identical to Mediterranean field samples recently described as Vulcanodinium rugosum. Motile forms (24–32 µm long, …
Pinnatoxin - Wikipedia
WebJun 7, 2010 · Abstract. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) assessed the risks to human health related to the consumption of spirolides … how to create a boxplot using excel
Total synthesis of pinnatoxins A and G and revision of the mode …
WebPinnatoxins and pteriatoxins are a group of cyclic imine toxins that have hitherto only been isolated from Japanese shellfish. As with other cyclic imine shellfish toxins, … WebOct 10, 2024 · Pinnatoxins (PnTx) (A-H) comprise an emerging phycotoxin family belonging to the cyclic imine toxin group. Interest has been focused on these lipophilic, fast-acting and highly potent toxins because they are widely found in contaminated shellfish, and can represent a risk for seafood consumers. PnTx display a potent antagonist effect on ... Pinnatoxins are paralytic chemical compounds that inhibit neuronal and muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Although first discovered in shellfish, they are produced by the peridinoid dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum. Eight subtypes, designated pinnatoxin A-H, have been described. See more Pinnatoxins are neurotoxins named after the genus Pinna, a group of bivalve molluscs, in reference to their original isolation from members of the group, Pinna attenuata and later Pinna muricata. The causative organism … See more Pinnatoxins are part of the cyclic imine group of marine toxins. This group currently consists of pinnatoxins, pteriatoxins, spirolides, gymnodimines, spiro … See more Pinnatoxins are potent inhibitors of neuronal and muscle type nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). They block the nAChR … See more Pinnatoxin A, G, E and F display a high-affinity antagonism for the neuronal α7 and muscle α12βϒδ nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). … See more As of today, no pinnatoxin or cyclic imine has been linked to human poisoning. The toxic effects of pinnatoxin E-H have, however, been … See more how to create a boxplot using r